With the terrible conflict between Russian and Georgia in the news, I thought it might be interesting to discuss some of the interesting composers from the Caucasus and Russian composers who were inspired by this ancient and fascinating region.
I have long been fascinated by the Caucasus, with its ancient and exotic cultures, rich and turbulent history , and incredible ethnic and linguistic diversity.
Khatchaturian is probably the best known composer from this area. He was born in Tbilisi into an Armenian family in 1903, and died in 1978.
The Kh should be pronounced as the CH in Chutzpah.
His music , influenced by Armenian and Caucasian folk music, may be garish and even vulgar at times, but it is bursting with energy and color and is never boring. The ballet Gayane, with the famous Sabre dance, the piano and violin concertos, are some of his best-known works.
I have a recording by Stokowski and the Symphony of the Air on EMI of the second symphony, "The Bell", inspired by WW2. It's quite powerful and deserves to be heard more often. Some find the ballet Spartacus, based on a slave rebellion in ancient Rome, is considered trashy by some, but is certainly not boring.
Mikhail Ippolitov- Ivanov , a contemporary of Mahler, Sibelius and Busoni, is best known for his orchestral suite "Caucasian Sketches", which used to be performed with some frequency, but has been pretty much forgotten. I have a Naxos Cd of this which also contains the almost totally unknown second suite, which contains a very exciting Lezghinka, or traditional Caucasian dance with pounding drums. The conductor is Arthur Fagen with the Ukarainian National orchestra. This is very much worth hearing.
The Russian composer Mily Balakirev (1837- 1910 ), is probably best known for his virtuosic piano piece Islamey, based on Circassian folk music. This has been orchestrated by Alfredo Casella and the Russian composer Sergei Liapunov. Balakirev also wrote an interesting tone poem called Tamara, based on a Georgian legend about a treacherous Georgian queen who had all of her lovers killed and thrown into the Aragva river.
This is on a Naxos CD with the first symphony, a work which ought to be played more often.
There are and have been a number of Georgian composers, such as Zakhari Paliashvili, and a contemporary one Giya Kancheli (1935-).
I have a Sony Classical CD of two of his symphonies. Kancheli has a distinctive and peculiar style which features lengthy quiet passages followed by sudden extremely loud explosians. I would like to hear more of his music.
Incidentally, the great conductor Valery Gergiev is an ethnic Ossetian.
The Ossetians are descended from the ancient Scythian tribes, and speak a language related to Farsi, Kurdish and Pashto. Prokofiev's "Scythian Suite" is a riot of color, and this is the kind of music Gergiev was born to conduct. Also, Yuri Temirkanov is an ethnic Circassian from the Black sea region of the Caucasus, and not a Russian.
The republic of Azerbaijan, on the Caspian sea, has produced a number of composers, although I do not know their music well, such as
Kara Karayev, Uzeir Hadjibeyev, and Franghiz AliZade, a woman composer who has lived in New York.
The Azerbaijanis are ethnic Turks, and speak a Turkish dialect which is perfectly comprehensible to people from Turkey. Most live in Iran, where they are a sizable minority.
The rich tradition of Caucasian folk music has inspired some colorful and exciting concert music.
Lisa Batiashvili has released a new recording (on Sony) of Beethoven's Violin Concerto coupled, most unexpectedly, with Miniatures by Tsintsadze: not all the critics have liked this, but I've really enjoyed the contrast - the Tsintsadze reminds me of Khachaturian, but somehow works very well as an aperitif IMHO.
Hmm, I tried to locate a Georgian romantic-era composer I heard a while ago, but unfortunately I can only remember the first two letters of his surname (Dj) and Googling has been no help. (I tried to find lists of Georgian composers and search the Ds, but I could find no such lists, at least, no comprehensive ones.)
He composed a rhapsody on Georgian themes (not the Tcherepnin one), and a piano concerto, as well as some small piano pieces. The works I heard were downloaded from hugely out of print vinyl rips - I doubt he has any works on CD. I admit, his music didn't make a great impression on me, but I would have liked to re-listen...
I think the Georgian composer's name may be Irakli Djabadari; the Dj is pronounced as in Java. I have heard of this composer, and there might be some information about him on the web somewhere.
Quote from: Superhorn on September 22, 2008, 06:26:07 AM
I think the Georgian composer's name may be Irakli Djabadari; the Dj is pronounced as in Java. I have heard of this composer, and there might be some information about him on the web somewhere.
Thanks, the surname was definitely something like that. Unfortunately Google isn't providing any useful search hits :(
Quote from: Superhorn on September 17, 2008, 08:08:02 AM
The Russian composer Mily Balakirev (1837- 1910 ), is probably best known for his virtuosic piano piece Islamey, based on Circassian folk music. This has been orchestrated by Alfredo Casella and the Russian composer Sergei Liapunov. Balakirev also wrote an interesting tone poem called Tamara, based on a Georgian legend about a treacherous Georgian queen who had all of her lovers killed and thrown into the Aragva river.
Just for the sake of being petty: I believe the direct source of inspiration for Balakirev's piece was Lermontov's poem Tamara, in its turn based on the Georgian legend (though Lermontov seems to have actually picked it up from a
French guidebook to Southern Russia ;D).
Quote from: Maciek on September 22, 2008, 08:26:27 AM
Just for the sake of being petty: I believe the direct source of inspiration for Balakirev's piece was Lermontov's poem Tamara, in its turn based on the Georgian legend (though Lermontov seems to have actually picked it up from a French guidebook to Southern Russia ;D).
It's amazing how many similar things to this occured during the Romantic era - composers obsessing over literature which (from a modern POV) was horrifyingly poorly translated, Liszt writing his Hungarian rhapsodies based on what he thought were folk tunes, but many were "classical" tunes that the gypsies felt obliged to play, etc... But I guess it's the inspiration that counts, rather than matters of accuracy 0:)
Miaskovsky's war-time 23rd Symphony of 1942 was inspired by folk music he was introduced to during his evacuation to the Northern Caucasus. He was based for a while at Nalchik.
Prokofiev was evacuated along with Miaskovsky. His String Quartet No 2 features some of the same folk-based thematic material.
Seem to remember I have some music by one Paliashvili; does he qualify?
Quote from: vandermolen on December 18, 2008, 09:30:25 AM
Prokofiev was evacuated along with Miaskovsky. His String Quartet No 2 features some of the same folk-based thematic material.
That's a wonderful and still too-little-known work IMHO.
Quote from: Pierre on September 21, 2008, 02:16:10 AM
Lisa Batiashvili has released a new recording (on Sony) of Beethoven's Violin Concerto coupled, most unexpectedly, with Miniatures by Tsintsadze: not all the critics have liked this, but I've really enjoyed the contrast - the Tsintsadze reminds me of Khachaturian, but somehow works very well as an aperitif IMHO.
I love these
Six Quartet Miniatures by Sulkhan Tsintsadze, didn't know about their recent release on Sony. I would have my doubts about the coupling as well - the Beethoven concerto is nice of course, but not as interesting as Tsintsadze! ;D
Quote from: Lethe on September 21, 2008, 04:39:23 AM
Hmm, I tried to locate a Georgian romantic-era composer I heard a while ago, but unfortunately I can only remember the first two letters of his surname (Dj) and Googling has been no help. (I tried to find lists of Georgian composers and search the Ds, but I could find no such lists, at least, no comprehensive ones.)
He composed a rhapsody on Georgian themes (not the Tcherepnin one), and a piano concerto, as well as some small piano pieces. The works I heard were downloaded from hugely out of print vinyl rips - I doubt he has any works on CD. I admit, his music didn't make a great impression on me, but I would have liked to re-listen...
the name of this Romantic Georgian composer is commonly transliterated - he was active in a pre-WWII international world still more accustomed to French than to English - as:
Héraclius Djabadary (1891-1834). His once famous
"Rhapsodie Georgienne pour piano et orchestre", you're referring at, is on this OUP CD that I happen to own, coupled with his
Piano Concerto and also his most famous piece:
Tiflisiana:
EDIT: it's still on sale for £8.79 with
Amazon.co.uk (http://www.amazon.co.uk/Rhapsodie-Gregorienne-Piano-Concerto-French/dp/B0000285WV/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=music&qid=1230240589&sr=8-2)(http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/ciu/12/d0/2520225b9da0d9c77ab4c010.L.jpg) (http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/ciu/49/3e/a909225b9da0b9c77ab4c010.L.jpg)
Bump.
Wikipedia of course has a list of Georgian composers, but it´s not complete
http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2015/Mar/Cortot_boxset_600175.htm
and this Georgian website is better
http://www.georgian-music.com/index.php/portraits/composers
They include, for example,
some by Felix Glonti, a prolific composer (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Ghlonti)
I´d really like to see more recordings of
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsGpXZVQXGI
and some by Vaja Azarashvili, such as his piano quintet, etc.
I've been enjoying this new release:
(//)
Otar Taktakishvili has written some excellent music. I managed to get a recording of his "Love songs" and "Megrelian songs" in which the Rustavi male vocal ensemble demonstrates an incredible vocal subtlety and virtuosity. The soloists Hamlet Gonashvili, Zurab Sotkilava and Medea Namoradze have exceptionally beautiful / characteristic voices.
Alas these colorful works (sad, fun, cheeky....) are not on YT and the LP is long OOP.
https://www.youtube.com/v/CpMqsqSjepY
https://www.youtube.com/v/6045_n_XdiI
Alas, as with Divna Ljubojevic (Serbia) the more recent incarnations of Rustavi tend to be more commercial and kitschy...
YT offers some concerti, symphonies and chamber works by Taktakishvili.
I did find the Mingrelian songs! ! Be prepared for something unusual:
https://www.youtube.com/v/kxmyfP6sMW4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingrelia
Has anyone bought here?
http://www.classical-music-cd.me4u.biz/
Have these recordings decent sound quality and package?
Good morning Roy,
at least ten years ago I bought these two cds (+ 1 cd with chants / St.Panteleimon Church) from Best Georgian Music:
O. Taktakishvili.
Quartet for two violins, alto, and cello. c-moll. In three parts.
State String Quartet after A. Borodin. – Mikheil Kopelman 1-st violin, Andrey Abramenkov - 2nd violin, Dmitri Shebalin - alto, Valentin Berlinsky - cello.
Bidzina Kvernadze.
Concert for piano and orchestra #2. In three parts.
Soloist: Eliso Virsaladze. Georgian State Symphonic Orchestra. Conductor – Jansug Kakhidze. Recorded in 1968. Tbilisi.
Nodar Gabunia.
Quartet #2. For two violins, alto, and cello. In three parts.
The State String Quartet after the name of Sulkhan Tsintsadze. Konstantine Vardeli - 1st violin, Tamaz Batiashvili - 2nd violin, Nodar Jhvania- alto, Otar Chubinishvili - cello. Recorded in 1996. Tbilisi.
O. Taktakishvili.
Love Songs - vocal-symphonic suite for soprano, tenor, male vocal octet and chamber orchestra.
1. In the Mountains. 2. Tushian Love Songs. 3. Separating. 4. Love Chastooshka. 5. Living Apart. 6. A Quarrel. 7. At the Spring.
8. Meeting.
Megrelian Songs - suite for tenor, male choir and chamber orchestra.
9. A Rose. 10. Varado, abkhazian melody. 11. Chaguna, a joke on idler. 12. Working song. 13. Lullaby. 14. Chichetura, - comic song. 15. Bullock-cart Driver Song. 16. Sorrowful Song. 17. Wedding Song.
1 - 6, 8 - 17 Zurab Sotkilava. 1 -4, 8 Medea Namoradze. 7. Soloist - Hamlet Gonashvili. Vocal Ensemble RUSTAVI. Bolshoi Theatre Soloists' Ensemble. 1 -8. Leningrad Chamber Orchestra. Director: Lazar Gozman 9 - 16. Conductor: Otar Taktakishvili. Total duration: 54 mi
I had no problems in acquiring & paying them. Minimal packaging and minimal info. The sound: OK.
The Love songs and the Mingrelian songs are, afaik, Taktakishvili at his most quirky, folk music inspired, sweet & fun. I love the timbre and great character of all the voices.
Note from the website: All above mentioned CDs are available. Please, take into consideration, that classical music CDs are non-licensed, non-published studio made (re-mastered) CDs from old magnetic tapes (archives) and LPs published during old Soviet Time. They are made for education purposes, for the students of musical colleges. They will never be published also. So, they are unique in some sense.
Quote from: pjme on March 23, 2020, 11:53:55 PM
Good morning Roy,
at least ten years ago I bought these two cds (+ 1 cd with chants / St.Panteleimon Church) from Best Georgian Music:
O. Taktakishvili.
Quartet for two violins, alto, and cello. c-moll. In three parts.
State String Quartet after A. Borodin. – Mikheil Kopelman 1-st violin, Andrey Abramenkov - 2nd violin, Dmitri Shebalin - alto, Valentin Berlinsky - cello.
Bidzina Kvernadze.
Concert for piano and orchestra #2. In three parts.
Soloist: Eliso Virsaladze. Georgian State Symphonic Orchestra. Conductor – Jansug Kakhidze. Recorded in 1968. Tbilisi.
Nodar Gabunia.
Quartet #2. For two violins, alto, and cello. In three parts.
The State String Quartet after the name of Sulkhan Tsintsadze. Konstantine Vardeli - 1st violin, Tamaz Batiashvili - 2nd violin, Nodar Jhvania- alto, Otar Chubinishvili - cello. Recorded in 1996. Tbilisi.
O. Taktakishvili.
Love Songs - vocal-symphonic suite for soprano, tenor, male vocal octet and chamber orchestra.
1. In the Mountains. 2. Tushian Love Songs. 3. Separating. 4. Love Chastooshka. 5. Living Apart. 6. A Quarrel. 7. At the Spring.
8. Meeting.
Megrelian Songs - suite for tenor, male choir and chamber orchestra.
9. A Rose. 10. Varado, abkhazian melody. 11. Chaguna, a joke on idler. 12. Working song. 13. Lullaby. 14. Chichetura, - comic song. 15. Bullock-cart Driver Song. 16. Sorrowful Song. 17. Wedding Song.
1 - 6, 8 - 17 Zurab Sotkilava. 1 -4, 8 Medea Namoradze. 7. Soloist - Hamlet Gonashvili. Vocal Ensemble RUSTAVI. Bolshoi Theatre Soloists' Ensemble. 1 -8. Leningrad Chamber Orchestra. Director: Lazar Gozman 9 - 16. Conductor: Otar Taktakishvili. Total duration: 54 mi
I had no problems in acquiring & paying them. Minimal packaging and minimal info. The sound: OK.
The Love songs and the Mingrelian songs are, afaik, Taktakishvili at his most quirky, folk music inspired, sweet & fun. I love the timbre and great character of all the voices.
Note from the website: All above mentioned CDs are available. Please, take into consideration, that classical music CDs are non-licensed, non-published studio made (re-mastered) CDs from old magnetic tapes (archives) and LPs published during old Soviet Time. They are made for education purposes, for the students of musical colleges. They will never be published also. So, they are unique in some sense.
Great tip, love everything I heard by Otar Taktakishvili thus far, will look for these 'rarities' too. My tip would be his second violin concerto, or rather for violin and chamber orchestra, found on this terrific disc (the Nasidze / Nassidse etc. spelling of Georgian namens in the Latin alphabet differ per language, this cd choosing the German forms of both 'Taktakischwili' and 'Nassidse'.
BTW the Georgian Chamber Orchestre under Liana Issakadze (German spelling again) was living AS A WHOLE in German exile in those years, had found a new base in the town of Ingolstadt in those years. They made a couple of recordings that I always loved, a special atmosphere of their own. I think the band is still there, in Ingolstadt, though with many names replaced by now. Germany was a safe haven for many cultural refugees during the last decades of the last century, this great CD always reminding me of their fate:
(https://www.chandos.net/artwork/304921.jpg) (https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/71OAtocpRwL._SX466_.jpg)
Dear Pjme
Thanks for you answer.I need to know before buying georgian cds ,if sound is better than awful soviet recordings.I have this cd of Rustaveli Oratorio and has good sound quality
https://www.haydnhouse.com/HH22.htm
Best
A word of commendation for the wonderful symphony by Nektarios Chargeishvili (1937-1971). AFAIK it's only available from youtube. The work dates from the late sixties.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9i02ussewA (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9i02ussewA)
(https://classic-online.ru/uploads/72200/72190.jpg)
Edited for typo
Quote from: Pierre on December 21, 2008, 01:08:44 AM
That's a wonderful and still too-little-known work IMHO.
A very belated +1
Quote from: Christo on March 24, 2020, 01:01:12 AM
Great tip, love everything I heard by Otar Taktakishvili thus far, will look for these 'rarities' too. My tip would be his second violin concerto, or rather for violin and chamber orchestra, found on this terrific disc (the Nasidze / Nassidse etc. spelling of Georgian namens in the Latin alphabet differ per language, this cd choosing the German forms of both 'Taktakischwili' and 'Nassidse'.
BTW the Georgian Chamber Orchestre under Liana Issakadze (German spelling again) was living AS A WHOLE in German exile in those years, had found a new base in the town of Ingolstadt in those years. They made a couple of recordings that I always loved, a special atmosphere of their own. I think the band is still there, in Ingolstadt, though with many names replaced by now. Germany was a safe haven for many cultural refugees during the last decades of the last century, this great CD always reminding me of their fate:
(https://www.chandos.net/artwork/304921.jpg) (https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/71OAtocpRwL._SX466_.jpg)
I have a Melodiya LP of Liana Isakadze playing the F minor VC conducted by Taktakishvili. The R/S is the 1st PC played by Marina Mdivani. I have used spelling as Melodiya translation.
Quote from: Roy Bland on March 24, 2020, 05:09:36 PM
Dear Pjme
Thanks for you answer.I need to know before buying georgian cds ,if sound is better than awful soviet recordings.I have this cd of Rustaveli Oratorio and has good sound quality
https://www.haydnhouse.com/HH22.htm
Best
To my ears the cds I have sound perfectly good, bearing in mind that they are (possibly) all AAD and the recordings are between 30 and 50 years old.
I cannot detect scratches, flutter, pops or crackle... Some recordings are live, so there is some applause and the eventual cough .
Quote from: André on March 24, 2020, 05:41:02 PM
A word of commendation for the wonderful symphony by Neltarios Chargeishvili (1937-1971). AFAIK it's only available from youtube. The work dates from the late sixties.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9i02ussewA (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9i02ussewA)
(https://classic-online.ru/uploads/72200/72190.jpg)
Thanks for the tip. Impressive and very tumultuous work. But I will need another listen, of course.
Quote from: pjme on March 25, 2020, 01:22:57 AM
To my ears the cds I have sound perfectly good, bearing in mind that they are (possibly) all AAD and the recordings are between 30 and 50 years old.
I cannot detect scratches, flutter, pops or crackle... Some recordings are live, so there is some applause and the eventual cough .
TNX
(https://www.composersunion.ge/news/106_2020.12.15.jpg)
The second edition of the series of musical collections of the Tbilisi State Conservatory - "Musical Almanac" was published, which includes works by Nodar Mamisashvili, Zurab Nadareishvili, Giorgi Shaverzashvili, Rezo Kiknadze, Eka Chabashvili and Maka Virsavarad for composition teachers.
The score is preceded by an extensive foreword to the analytical content and is accompanied by information about the authors and performers. The collection is accompanied by two CDs of records, "Iberi-Quartet" and the String Quartet of the Georgian Composers' Union.
Some of the recordings on the audio discs are the material of the Composers 'Union's library, and the process of preparing the new recordings was in direct collaboration with the Composers' Union.
The coordinator of the publication is musicologist Ketevan Bakradze.
you may ask at https://www.composersunion.ge/?lang=eng
Wonderful thread and nice posts. Thanks a lot, posters.
I like the Machavariani and Tsintsadze in the Gauk box set. Also the chamber music sounds good too.
Quote from: Dry Brett Kavanaugh on March 31, 2022, 06:32:15 AM
I like the Machavariani and Tsintsadze in the Gauk box set. Also the chamber music sounds good too.
(https://www.good-music-guide.com/community/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=9114.0;attach=85193;image)
This looks like an interesting release, Dry Brett. Three Georgians represented. What are the works like?
Quote from: Mirror Image on March 31, 2022, 07:03:39 AM
This looks like an interesting release, Dry Brett. Three Georgians represented. What are the works like?
The first link please. The following links are other relevant recordings.
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_nCHahgN45BxJVgTT9Yg8rhFkWnk_djk1Y
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_nwez8vdW_7BumJ__geKlZqHL1x4Su2rGQ
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_nHHFqI8qrz1XnGKfXJ-aPvrNasnpnE7Go
Quote from: Dry Brett Kavanaugh on March 31, 2022, 06:32:15 AM
I like the Machavariani and Tsintsadze in the Gauk box set. Also the chamber music sounds good too.
Ah, I have that Gauk box - must listen out for those works.
Quote from: Dry Brett Kavanaugh on March 31, 2022, 07:10:50 AM
The first link please. The following links are other relevant recordings.
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_nCHahgN45BxJVgTT9Yg8rhFkWnk_djk1Y
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_nwez8vdW_7BumJ__geKlZqHL1x4Su2rGQ
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_nHHFqI8qrz1XnGKfXJ-aPvrNasnpnE7Go
Very nice. Thanks for the links!
Quote from: vandermolen on March 31, 2022, 01:14:21 PM
Ah, I have that Gauk box - must listen out for those works.
Jeffrey, I bought the box set BECAUSE of your recommendation! ;D
Quote from: Dry Brett Kavanaugh on March 31, 2022, 01:41:41 PM
Jeffrey, I bought the box set BECAUSE of your recommendation! ;D
Pieces are interesting and well conducted but sound quality is very bad
In Belgium the "Europalia" festival is dedicated to Georgia.
https://europalia.eu/nl/europalia-georgia/europalia-georgia-programma
One of the high points will propably be this concert on november 18th:
"The Tbilisi Symphony Orchestra has grown in recent years to become the most prominent orchestra in Georgia and one of the most important orchestras in the region.
It is led by composer and conductor Vakhtang Kakhidze, who composed a monumental Requiem for the orchestra, the Georgian State Choir, men's sextet, women's quartet and boy soloist.
Let yourself be carried away by the Caucasian tones and the haunting character of this extremely catchy Requiem. A unique experience in the top acoustics of the Queen Elisabeth Hall/Antwerp!
Conductor Vakhtang Kakhidze
Orchestra
Tbilisi Symphony Orchestra
Georgia State Choir
Women's Choir 'Chanters'
Female Quartet
Men's Choir 'Rustavi' Male Sextet"
(https://images.ctfassets.net/h7vzq2rtwdqn/1ZKBWgItC7jKSxgAJqX9cK/3eb7146e1164752894da42bd85dd2aff/V.KAKHIDZE-Requiem-1.jpg?w=960&h=740&fm=jpg&fit=fill)
Otar Taktakishvili web page
http://otartaktakishvili.com/music/
(https://is1-ssl.mzstatic.com/image/thumb/Music122/v4/a8/33/cb/a833cb1f-1e5f-402f-1735-628ee9048520/cover.jpg/486x486bb.png)
Shop about georgian music.
I am not able to translat so i can't tell if there are only book and scores.May anyone helps?
https://georgianclassic.ge/product-category/saorkestro/
Quote from: Roy Bland on January 06, 2024, 06:40:13 PMShop about georgian music.
I am not able to translat so i can't tell if there are only book and scores.May anyone helps?
https://georgianclassic.ge/product-category/saorkestro/
They look like scores to me - I imagine CDs would have names of performers on them. And they would be expensive for recordings - Tsintsadze's
Miniatures is about £20.
Quote from: Roy Bland on January 06, 2024, 06:40:13 PMI am not able to translat
In the top right corner, click on the Georgian flag. Union Jack will appear, click on it and off you go to the English version of the site. ;)
Quote from: DaveF on January 07, 2024, 12:29:57 AMThey look like scores to me - I imagine CDs would have names of performers on them. And they would be expensive for recordings - Tsintsadze's Miniatures is about £20.
Sheet music there. Prices are Georgian Lari, 1 Lari is approx. 0.3 Euro.
Quote from: Florestan on January 07, 2024, 02:44:51 AMIn the top right corner, click on the Georgian flag. Union Jack will appear, click on it and off you go to the English version of the site. ;)
TNX
availability not known
https://old.tsc.edu.ge/uploads/3.Almanaxi-sarchevi.pdf
https://toradze.org/toradze/