Coronavirus thread

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Florestan

Quote from: fbjim on December 09, 2021, 05:47:25 AM
Believing nothing you hear is not a tenable philosophy unless one wants to recreate the laws of physics from first principles. After all, how do you know the value of an electron's charge is really what the Elites say it is? The oil-drop experiment? Do you have tangible, physical proof that it actually took place, and that the values weren't made up by The Elites?

Strawman. I'm absolutely sure that from the contexts of my post you did understand perfectly well to what that dictum applies. In the very unlikely case that you didn't, though, I spell it out for you now: to media (all of them) and their propaganda. Physics has got nothing to do with it.

As for conspiracy theory, in some cases it's a misnomer: there is no conspiracy. Many things have been announced publicly months before their actually taking place.

For instance, Bill Gates on March 19, 2020: Eventually we will have some digital certificates to show who has recovered or been tested recently or when we have a vaccine who has received it.

https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/A-coronavirus-AMA

That whole thing is worth reading in full. He speaks with unshakable authority and confidence, as if he were simultaneously an epidemiologist, a public health expert and the world's self-appointed Minister of Health. He's none of those things, obviously, so he is no more entitled to speak about the issue than me, a mechanical engineer, or Karl Henning, a composer and clarinetist. And yet at times he seems strangely prescient.
"Beauty must appeal to the senses, must provide us with immediate enjoyment, must impress us or insinuate itself into us without any effort on our part." - Claude Debussy

fbjim

...OK? I could have told you that there would likely be vaccine documentation. Such things literally exist, and have existed for years, for childhood vaccinations for polio, for instance. Remarkably, at least here, the fears of some sort of microchip nightmare have not come to pass as the documentation is simply a piece of paper. Many people also accurately predicted that the next variant of concern would likely come from a place like Africa - is this "strangely prescient" or people using their expertise to predict that a large population of people with very low vaccine uptake would be a good ground for mutations to form?

This seems very much like a heads-I-win-tails-you-lose problem. Inaccurate predictions and statements show the media can not be trusted. Accurate predictions show they are in on the conspiracy.

Florestan

Quote from: fbjim on December 09, 2021, 10:22:35 AM
...OK? I could have told you that there would likely be vaccine documentation. Such things literally exist, and have existed for years, for childhood vaccinations for polio, for instance. Remarkably, at least here, the fears of some sort of microchip nightmare have not come to pass as the documentation is simply a piece of paper. Many people also accurately predicted that the next variant of concern would likely come from a place like Africa - is this "strangely prescient" or people using their expertise to predict that a large population of people with very low vaccine uptake would be a good ground for mutations to form?

This seems very much like a heads-I-win-tails-you-lose problem. Inaccurate predictions and statements show the media can not be trusted. Accurate predictions show they are in on the conspiracy.

I just told you there's no conspiracy. And I don't remember ever talking about microchips.

Anyway it's more than obvious that we shall never be on the same page so it's better to agree to disagree and leave it at that. At least this is what I'm going to do.
"Beauty must appeal to the senses, must provide us with immediate enjoyment, must impress us or insinuate itself into us without any effort on our part." - Claude Debussy

steve ridgway

Quote from: Florestan on December 09, 2021, 02:14:35 AM
Your analysis is correct and the sad thing is that even if you substitute mainstream media for social media it still remains valid. The propaganda in the former is no less relentless than in the latter and the gulllibility level of their respective audiences is probably the same.

That's how I see it ever since we discovered some ten years ago that vets were ripping us off for medicines less effective than natural remedies, followed by ineffective and contradictory advice from our own doctors, the pushing of dangerous statin drugs to the father in law, the next door neighbour being killed by a medicine with known contraindications, the massive disinformation about cholesterol, fat, diabetes, Brexit, Trump and now COVID. It would be a completely different society if it wasn't all about suppressing truth to make money. :(

Florestan

Quote from: steve ridgway on December 09, 2021, 10:36:25 AM
That's how I see it ever since we discovered some ten years ago that vets were ripping us off for medicines less effective than natural remedies, followed by ineffective and contradictory advice from our own doctors, the pushing of dangerous statin drugs to the father in law, the next door neighbour being killed by a medicine with known contraindications, the massive disinformation about cholesterol, fat, diabetes, Brexit, Trump and now COVID. It would be a completely different society if it wasn't all about suppressing truth to make money. :(

Conspiracy theorist!  :P
"Beauty must appeal to the senses, must provide us with immediate enjoyment, must impress us or insinuate itself into us without any effort on our part." - Claude Debussy

steve ridgway

Quote from: Florestan on December 09, 2021, 10:44:05 AM
Conspiracy theorist!  :P

Any group of people discussing in private how to manipulate others is a conspiracy. For example a marketing team working out how to sell a new breakfast cereal.  ::)

Florestan

#5986
Quote from: steve ridgway on December 09, 2021, 10:47:59 AM
Any group of people discussing in private how to manipulate others is a conspiracy. For example a marketing team working out how to sell a new breakfast cereal.  ::)

Why, of course.  ;)

Good ol' Adam Smith knew it long time ago: People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices;D
"Beauty must appeal to the senses, must provide us with immediate enjoyment, must impress us or insinuate itself into us without any effort on our part." - Claude Debussy

Florestan

#5987
Btw, whether omicron variant originated in unvaccinated people is a matter of speculation; it might have or it might have not. What we do know is that in South Africa it was first detected in vaccinated people as well and that at least in the USA, The Netherlands and Romania the first cases were detected among vaccinated people.
"Beauty must appeal to the senses, must provide us with immediate enjoyment, must impress us or insinuate itself into us without any effort on our part." - Claude Debussy

Karl Henning

Long covid is destroying careers, leaving economic distress in its wake

By Christopher Rowland
Today at 10:23 a.m. EST

Before the coronavirus ruined her plans, Tiffany Patino expected to be back at work by now. She and her boyfriend intended to move out of a basement in suburban Maryland, where his grandmother lets them stay for free, so they could raise their infant son in a place of their own. Maybe get a new car.

But Patino got sick with covid-19 more than a year ago. Instead of getting better, chronic exhaustion and other symptoms persisted, delaying her return to a restaurant job and swamping her goal of financial independence. After reaching what she calls her "hell-iversary" last month, Patino remains unable to rejoin the workforce. With no income of her own, she's exhausted, racked with pain, short of breath, forgetful, bloated, swollen, depressed.

At 28 years old, she can barely take her baby to the playground. "I go on a walk, and I have to use the stroller like a walker," she said. "Whatever life I have right now, it's more like surviving. I'm not living my dream. I'm living a nightmare."

Across America, many of the nearly 50 million people infected with the coronavirus continue to suffer from some persistent symptoms, with a smaller subset experiencing such unbearable fatigue and other maladies that they can't work, forcing them to drop out of the workforce, abandon careers and rack up huge debts.

Hard data is not available and estimates vary widely, but based on published studies and their own experience treating patients, several medical specialists said 750,000 to 1.3 million patients likely remain so sick for extended periods that they can't return to the workforce full time.

Long covid is testing not just the medical system, but also government safety nets that are not well suited to identifying and supporting people with a newly emerging chronic disease that has no established diagnostic or treatment plan. Insurers are denying coverage for some tests, the public disability system is hesitant to approve many claims, and even people with long-term disability insurance say they are struggling to get benefits.

Employers are also being tested, as they must balance their desire to get workers back on the job full time with the realities of a slow recovery for many patients.

"They are suffering in dramatic ways, and in ways that have altered their lives and placed them in financial peril," said Harlan Krumholz, a cardiologist and scientist at Yale University and Yale New Haven Hospital.

The Washington Post interviewed more than 30 people around the country experiencing the sudden financial slide caused by the long form of the disease. They have been laid off and fired, quit jobs, shuttered businesses. They described falling behind on rent, mortgages and car payments. Some worried about losing their housing.

Depression and anxiety that are part of the brutal mix of long covid symptoms are exacerbated by despair over vanishing income. From health-care professionals and small-business operators to government employees and warehouse supervisors, the patients expressed fears about never being able to return to work.

Many people with long covid, often referred to as "long haulers," experience mild symptoms to begin with, then get stuck with months of chronic fatigue, shortness of breath, confusion and memory loss, erratic and racing heartbeats, radical spikes in blood pressure, painful rashes, shooting pains and gastrointestinal problems.

The government calls it post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2, or PASC. The National Institutes of Health is spending $1.15 billion to study the syndrome. The symptoms sometimes subside, lulling long haulers into a false sense of relief, only to come roaring back after performing simple chores like vacuuming a living room or raking leaves.

Patino is afraid to carry her son for too long, worried she will drop him. She takes naps every day. If she did return to work as a server or host in a restaurant, she fears she would quickly get fired for missing work.

"I just feel so old. I feel so tired. When you are dealing with so many symptoms, every day it's like a lottery pick," Patino said.

Doctors treating long haulers say the symptoms cut across race and class lines.

"I have hundreds of patients who have had to take time off for long periods of time, quit their jobs, or get fired from their jobs, or take lesser-paying jobs" because of long covid, said Janna Friedly, vice chair for clinical affairs at the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at the University of Washington School of Medicine, where she and her team are helping long haulers build strength and return to work.

On top of the loss of income, some patients lose their employer-sponsored health insurance when they can't work. "I've seen patients who have gone from fully insured to not being able to come back and see me in clinic in the middle of our treatment because they have lost their job and no longer can afford to seek care," Friedly said.

Even for those who do have insurance, treating long covid can be unusually complicated and costly, since it's a new disease without an established diagnostic or treatment plan and coverage for certain tests may be denied.

Health insurance companies, citing the blizzard of tests being ordered, say they are waiting for data-driven protocols to emerge so they can match insurance coverage with the best testing and treatment strategies for long covid.

"In many cases, the kitchen sink approach is not helping," said Michael Sherman, chief medical officer of Point32Health, a nonprofit insurance company in Massachusetts formed from the merger of Harvard-Pilgrim and Tufts health plans. Until research is published into what tests and treatments work, he said, "there's a lack of evidence that anyone can look to."

'This virus took my career'

The cognitive and emotional impacts also make it difficult for patients to navigate the bureaucratic tangles required to keep health insurance and file disability claims after a job loss.

John Buccellato, 64, an emergency medicine doctor at an urgent care clinic on Manhattan's Upper East Side, was hospitalized with the virus in March 2020, in the same hospital where his mother died of covid.

In a matter of days, he went from treating patients at a busy clinic to being engulfed in a health crisis as covid attacked his lungs and vascular system. Severe cognitive and emotional strain left him unable to manage his day-to-day affairs.

Overwhelmed by brain fog and the sense of loss over his career, he frequently sobbed on the phone as he described his struggles in an interview, including the loss of his employer-sponsored insurance.

A clinical neuropsychologist treating him, Gudrun Lange, said Buccellato experienced brain bleeds and a tumor. He repeats himself and seems easily confused.

"He starts getting emotional, involuntary crying, and there's nothing he can do about it," she said.

Buccellato said he has tens of thousands of dollars in unpaid medical bills that accumulated when he first lost his health insurance. He has some property and savings, but no weekly cash flow, he said. He signed up for COBRA, which provides a continuation of health insurance after a job loss, but after congressionally approved waivers that made it free expired in September, it now costs $922 a month, he said.

Garage operators briefly impounded his Lexus because he could no longer pay the $400 a month to park the car, he said. Now it's on the street, accumulating tickets.

Buccellato said he recognizes his career is prematurely over, but he can't figure out how to dig himself out of his worsening financial predicament. A lawyer helped him file a disability claim with the Social Security Administration, which a member of his support team said was recently successful. Because he left work for medical reasons, he was not eligible for unemployment insurance.

"This virus took my career away. I can't do anything in the medical field right now. Nobody is going to hire me," he said.

Other patients who experienced a similar plunge in income with the loss of their professional careers described their new reliance on government aid.

Chimere Smith, 39, a middle school teacher in Baltimore who has testified in Congress about covid's impact on her life, has not worked since she caught the virus in the early weeks of the pandemic.

She has blown through $12,000 in savings and is on food stamps.

She said the sense of loss is profound because she worked her way up from a childhood in a poor area of Washington, D.C. Before she got sick, she had hoped to become a school principal.

"I was following the trajectory of what I was told for years to be successful and Black in the world," she said, "and to have it all taken away by illness is a loss that I don't think I'll ever recover from. Even using the word devastation doesn't really capture the full scope of my experience."

She also plans to apply for disability assistance.

But many patients applying for disability insurance benefits are initially denied and require lengthy appeals, according to patients, doctors and lawyers, in part because the medical community is still grappling with how to diagnose their symptoms.

The Social Security Administration said in an email that it has received 16,000 covid-related disability claims since December 2020, but the agency would not disclose how many of those were approved or denied.

Patients, advocates and lawyers said private disability insurers, which offer long-term disability coverage through employee benefit plans, have also been denying many claims.

For individuals who said they can't work, the denials are frustrating. Michael Heidenberg, 48, of White Plains, N.Y., was unable to return to his $60,000 a year job as an academic adviser at Berkeley College, a regional for-profit college that kept him on for four months beyond the 12 weeks of unpaid leave required by the Family Medical Leave Act requirement. The college said it could not keep him on the books longer because it would create a hardship for his department, he said.

Heidenberg had purchased long-term disability insurance through his former employer, which promised a benefit of $3,100 a month, up to $150,000.

But Reliance Standard, the insurance carrier, recently denied his first application, saying he could do his job sitting down.

Heidenberg said that does not take into account his inability to concentrate for long periods and the dangerous spikes in his blood pressure since he contracted covid last year. Asked to discuss the denial, Reliance Standard said it would not comment on an individual claimant.

While he prepares for an appeal, Heidenberg said he and his wife, Alexis, are trying to figure out how to keep their apartment, which costs $1,700 a month, and cover COBRA health insurance, which is $1,200. He opted for COBRA over Medicaid or the Affordable Care Act exchanges because COBRA covers all the doctors he needs, he said.

"Finding doctors who are well-versed in treating post-covid patients has been incredibly difficult," Heidenberg said.

Still, his COBRA eligibility will expire in March 2022 and he will need to find new insurance. Mike and Alexis set up a GoFundMe page, which has raised $12,000. Alexis receives $988 a month in federal disability benefits because of a fibromyalgia diagnosis in 2012. That is currently their only income.

If they have to sell their apartment, they fear they will be priced out of White Plains, where they both grew up. Heidenberg expects his financial problems will get worse.

"It's just this incredibly scary freight train coming right at us," Heidenberg said. "You blame yourself. I was the primary breadwinner, and now we're struggling because I got sick."

In Kaufman, Tex., a small town 20 miles outside of Dallas, Angie Smith, 44, has slipped behind on $750-a-month payments on her Nissan Frontier pickup truck, which she bought when she was making more than $50,000 a year as an orthodontist assistant.

She said she was laid off in March 2020. She got covid eight months later and has been plagued by fatigue, shortness of breath, joint pain and spikes in body temperature ever since.

Unemployment checks that kept her financially afloat ended in September.

She said she had $150 in her checking account in mid-November and $1,400 in rent due in December. Friends from church have helped her hunt for jobs she can do over the phone from home.

"If I lose my house, then I could possibly set up my computer at someone's house. If I lose my truck, I can still work from home," she said. "I have so many of these scenarios going on in my head that I don't know what to do."

Nearly all of the patients interviewed by The Post said they wanted to return to work but could not figure out how to get back on the path to productivity.

"Employers are not used to dealing with this kind of work situation. Patients are often told, 'Just come back when you're 100 percent,' which could be a really long time out," said Greg Vanichkachorn, a family physician and occupational medicine specialist at the Mayo Clinic who is treating long-haul patients.

Employers and patients need to understand that many long haulers should return to work on a limited, part-time basis, perhaps working from home, while they slowly work on building strength, he said.

Seattle resident Eileen Hood thought she was ready to begin earning money again.

Hood got sick with covid in October 2020, forcing her this year to close the small business she had run with a friend for 15 years, selling wigs, specialized clothing and other needs for cancer patients. Hood's attempt to return to the job she loved ended in frustration.

"Forty minutes into my last wig-fitting, with a lovely lady, I just simply did not have enough air or energy to finish," she said.

The $70,000 per year she drew from the shop has evaporated, cutting her family's income in half.

She is 53 years old and wants to get back to work. Hood said she went to a job interview in October but was forced to cancel her appointment for the second interview in November.

"I went out and raked some leaves and made dinner for my family, and the next day, I couldn't get out of bed," she said. "It's the roller coaster of living with long covid."

Feeling 'worthless'

At the onset of the shutdowns in March 2020, Patino lost her job as a server at Firebirds Wood Fired Grill in suburban Maryland. Her boyfriend was laid off from another restaurant around the same time.

"We had to sign up for unemployment, and I was pregnant," Patino said.

Two months after the September birth of her baby, Leon, she tested positive for the coronavirus.

Her symptoms were moderate, but she could no longer nurse her baby. She was first told she was probably suffering from postpartum depression, she said. She went for a second opinion and staff found signs of the classic "ground-glass" pneumonia in her lungs, she said.

"Almost a month later, right before Christmas, I was still feeling crappy, still feeling tired," she said. By January, she went back to the hospital and was told she might be a "long hauler."

"The doctor's like, 'In a few months, by March, by April, by the summer, you should be much better,' " Patino said.

But as summer passed into fall, with no more unemployment checks and winter approaching, her symptoms persisted, some of them strange: "I got my taste back and smell is still iffy. It comes and goes. I will smell smoke; I will smell gasoline. Sometimes I smell feces."

Patino said she endures an isolated and depressing existence, knowing that many people are returning to normal while her plans remain on hold. She has considered trying an office job where she could work while seated but worries she would have to call in sick too often. Getting an apartment and a new car to replace their 2007 Kia remain out of reach, she said.

"I just feel like kind of a worthless person," she said. "I can't even do something like taking care of my child, cooking dinner, doing laundry and typical stay-at-home mom stuff."

With long covid, she said, "my world shattered, and everything just came crumbling down."
Karl Henning, Ph.D.
Composer & Clarinetist
Boston MA
http://www.karlhenning.com/
[Matisse] was interested neither in fending off opposition,
nor in competing for the favor of wayward friends.
His only competition was with himself. — Françoise Gilot

Pohjolas Daughter

Quote from: k a rl h e nn i ng on December 09, 2021, 11:29:02 AM
Long covid is destroying careers, leaving economic distress in its wake

By Christopher Rowland
Today at 10:23 a.m. EST
Hard to read stories like this Karl.   :( Where did you read this article?

PD

Karl Henning

Quote from: Pohjolas Daughter on December 09, 2021, 12:18:29 PM
Hard to read stories like this Karl.   :( Where did you read this article?

PD

The Washington Post, PD
Karl Henning, Ph.D.
Composer & Clarinetist
Boston MA
http://www.karlhenning.com/
[Matisse] was interested neither in fending off opposition,
nor in competing for the favor of wayward friends.
His only competition was with himself. — Françoise Gilot

Que

#5991
Quote from: k a rl h e nn i ng on December 09, 2021, 11:29:02 AM
Long covid is destroying careers, leaving economic distress in its wake

This is what happens in a society with a "fend for yourself" philosophy...

BTW Wouldn't these people be in the same predicament if they would be struck by another debilitating disease, like cancer?


But whatever kind of society, Long Covid is going to be a long term burden for the economy.

Mandryka

#5992
Quote from: Que on December 10, 2021, 01:07:05 AM
This is what happens in a society with a "fend for yourself" philosophy...

BTW Wouldn't these people be in the same predicament if they would be struck by another debilitating disease, like cancer?


But whatever kind of society, Long Covid is going to be a long term burden for the economy.

It's a bit like IBS in that respect. Omicron is hopefully the new gastroenteritis - nasty, you can shake it off, rarely chronic, a few people die. The bad news is that we're ALL going to get it in the next three months!
Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen

drogulus

Quote from: Florestan on December 09, 2021, 05:11:05 AM
What she probably means is that Pfizer's two top owners, The Vanguard Group, Inc and BlackRock Fund Advisors are also top owners of The New York Times, CNN, Fox, ABC News, NBC News, MSNBC and Slate.





     Of course, and I own Vanguard and BlackRock funds, as do a gazillion others. At the next shareholders meeting I'll vote to acquire Romanian religions and turn their temples into abortion clinics. If I can't do the most nefarious imaginable things, what's the point of free market capitalism?

     After all, we are not Communists.

     
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drogulus

     The way to filter the news is to apply common sense analytic tools to the problem. I use information density as a component. MSNBC is like Fox in its ideological fervor. If I didn't apply the density criteria I would watch both and weigh opinion against opinion. Instead I watch MSNBC, which is information rich (as anyone who has gritted their teeth and sat through a Rachel Maddow lecture knows). As beliefy as Rachel is, she is even more facty. One can learn something, and that is even more important than the entertainment one derives from the ideological comfort food her presentations provide.

     Fox does the comfort food thing, too. By the information criteria, though, it's a desert. If you are watching Fox when a big story breaks you immediately switch to another news outlet to find out what's happening, because that's more important than the usual harangues about how biased everyone but Fox is.

     I have no use for the "bias bias". What I care about is getting facts and analysis by those qualified to produce it. My criteria amounts to the idea is that the truth is falsifiable but hasn't been falsified. I judge individuals and media on their track record. They are either reliable but fallible or unreliable. Bias is what you try to filter out if reliability matters to you.
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fbjim

one thing i've been told is that if you ignore editorials, WSJ and Financial Times tend to be very reliable factually because there's a big incentive to not BS around when it comes to the people who actually read those outlets. (especially ignore editorials with WSJ, which has one of the worst editorial sections on the planet)



Politico and The Atlantic are also "valuable" for showing what the current "establishment" center-left point-of-view is.

Mandryka

#5996
Quote from: drogulus on December 10, 2021, 06:53:52 AM
     

     I have no use for the "bias bias". What I care about is getting facts and analysis by those qualified to produce it. My criteria amounts to the idea is that the truth is falsifiable but hasn't been falsified. I judge individuals and media on their track record. They are either reliable but fallible or unreliable. Bias is what you try to filter out if reliability matters to you.

What are the consequences of sick pay levels for people's willingness to isolate?
Does the risk/reward equation for vaccinating children mean that they have a greater reward than risk?
How effective are the actual uses that people make of face coverings at inhibiting transmission?
Is it less damaging to the population's health to keep schools open?
What are the consequences of the actual uses of ventilation in the the workplace and in education? What ventilation systems, if any, should be mandated?


. . .

These are some questions where the are very few if any undisputed facts and there is no consensus.

Everyone who has studied epistemology 101 when they were a first year undergrad knows that science is like this. Consensus is arrived at not be identifying "facts" and finding the unique theories which explain them. It is more complex, and more sociological, than that.
Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen

drogulus

#5997
Quote from: Mandryka on December 10, 2021, 07:20:01 AM
What are the consequences of sick pay levels for people's willingness to isolate?
Does the risk/reward equation for vaccinating children mean that they have a greater reward than risk?
How effective are the actual uses that people make of face coverings at inhibiting transmission?
Is it less damaging to the population's health to keep schools open?
What are the consequences of the actual uses of ventilation in the the workplace and the education? What ventilation systems, if any should be mandated?


. . .

These are some questions where the are very few if any undisputed facts and there is no consensus.

Everyone who has studied Philosophy of Science 101 when they were a first year undergrad knows that science is like this. Consensus is arrived at not be identifying "facts" and finding the unique theories which explain them. It is more complex, and more sociological, than that.

     I differentiate the science from the sociology of its acceptance, and rational people do this all the time. One can judge the facts and the consensus, and note how these progress over time. I don't deny the problem is real, I embrace it and seek to arrive at the most reasonable tentative conclusion.
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Mandryka

Quote from: drogulus on December 10, 2021, 07:30:58 AM
     I differentiate the science from the sociology of its acceptance,  and rational people do this all the time. One can judge the facts and the consensus, and note how these progress over time. I don't deny the problem is real, I embrace it and seek to arrive at the most reasonable tentative conclusion.

I think the concepts you use: science, reason, fact etc, are essentially tied to human practices and institutions, and so to that extent are social. But this is not the place maybe to pursue it.
Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen

steve ridgway

Quote from: Mandryka on December 10, 2021, 07:20:01 AM
These are some questions where the are very few if any undisputed facts and there is no consensus.

Everyone who has studied epistemology 101 when they were a first year undergrad knows that science is like this. Consensus is arrived at not be identifying "facts" and finding the unique theories which explain them. It is more complex, and more sociological, than that.

There also seems to be widespread acceptance of medical "scientists" and "scientific advisors" as if they were experts in fields of "hard science" such as physics or chemistry.